Change name to Planetiler (#40)

* change name from flatmap to planetiler
* bump version to 0.2-SNAPSHOT

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/AerodromeLabel.java

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+ */
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.expression.MultiExpression;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements in the {@code aerodrome_label} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/aerodrome_label">OpenMapTiles
+ * aerodrome_layer sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class AerodromeLabel implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.AerodromeLabel,
+  Tables.OsmAerodromeLabelPoint.Handler {
+
+  private final MultiExpression.Index<String> classLookup;
+  private final Translations translations;
+
+  public AerodromeLabel(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.classLookup = FieldMappings.Class.index();
+    this.translations = translations;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmAerodromeLabelPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.centroid(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setMinZoom(10)
+      .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+      .putAttrs(Utils.elevationTags(element.ele()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.IATA, nullIfEmpty(element.iata()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.ICAO, nullIfEmpty(element.icao()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, classLookup.getOrElse(element.source(), FieldValues.CLASS_OTHER));
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Aeroway.java

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements in the {@code aeroway} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/aeroway">OpenMapTiles
+ * aeroway sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Aeroway implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Aeroway,
+  Tables.OsmAerowayLinestring.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmAerowayPolygon.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmAerowayPoint.Handler {
+
+  public Aeroway(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmAerowayPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.polygon(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setMinZoom(10)
+      .setMinPixelSize(2)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, element.aeroway())
+      .setAttr(Fields.REF, element.ref());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmAerowayLinestring element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.line(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setMinZoom(10)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, element.aeroway())
+      .setAttr(Fields.REF, element.ref());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmAerowayPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.point(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setMinZoom(14)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, element.aeroway())
+      .setAttr(Fields.REF, element.ref());
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Boundary.java

@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator.CLASS_HEADER_BYTES;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator.POINTER_BYTES;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator.estimateSize;
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.counting;
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.groupingBy;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongObjectMap;
+import com.graphhopper.coll.GHLongObjectHashMap;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureMerge;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeoUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SimpleFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.osm.OsmElement;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.osm.OsmRelationInfo;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Format;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Coordinate;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Geometry;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.LineString;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Point;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.TopologyException;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.prep.PreparedGeometry;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.prep.PreparedGeometryFactory;
+import org.locationtech.jts.operation.linemerge.LineMerger;
+import org.locationtech.jts.operation.polygonize.Polygonizer;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for country, state, and town boundaries in the {@code boundary} layer
+ * from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/boundary">OpenMapTiles
+ * boundary sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Boundary implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Boundary,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.OsmRelationPreprocessor,
+  BasemapProfile.OsmAllProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.FinishHandler {
+
+  /*
+   * Uses natural earth at lower zoom levels and OpenStreetMap at higher zoom levels.
+   *
+   * For OpenStreetMap data at higher zoom levels:
+   * 1) Preprocess relations on the first pass to extract info for relations where
+   *    type=boundary and boundary=administrative and store the admin_level for
+   *    later.
+   * 2) When processing individual ways, take the minimum (most important) admin
+   *    level of every relation they are a part of and use that as the admin level
+   *    for the way.
+   * 3) If boundary_country_names argument is true and the way is part of a country
+   *    (admin_level=2) boundary, then hold onto it for later
+   * 4) When we finish processing the OSM source, build country polygons from the
+   *    saved ways and use that to determine which country is on the left and right
+   *    side of each way, then emit the way with ADM0_L and ADM0_R keys set.
+   * 5) Before emitting boundary lines, merge linestrings with the same tags.
+   */
+
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Boundary.class);
+  private static final double COUNTRY_TEST_OFFSET = GeoUtils.metersToPixelAtEquator(0, 10) / 256d;
+  private final Stats stats;
+  private final boolean addCountryNames;
+  // may be updated concurrently by multiple threads
+  private final Map<Long, String> regionNames = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+  // need to synchronize updates to these shared data structures:
+  private final Map<Long, List<Geometry>> regionGeometries = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<CountryBoundaryComponent, List<Geometry>> boundariesToMerge = new HashMap<>();
+  private final PlanetilerConfig config;
+
+  public Boundary(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.config = config;
+    this.addCountryNames = config.arguments().getBoolean(
+      "boundary_country_names",
+      "boundary layer: add left/right codes of neighboring countries",
+      true
+    );
+    this.stats = stats;
+  }
+
+  private static boolean isDisputed(Map<String, Object> tags) {
+    return Parse.bool(tags.get("disputed")) ||
+      Parse.bool(tags.get("dispute")) ||
+      "dispute".equals(tags.get("border_status")) ||
+      tags.containsKey("disputed_by") ||
+      tags.containsKey("claimed_by");
+  }
+
+  private static String editName(String name) {
+    return name == null ? null : name.replace(" at ", "")
+      .replaceAll("\\s+", "")
+      .replace("Extentof", "");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void release() {
+    regionGeometries.clear();
+    boundariesToMerge.clear();
+    regionNames.clear();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    boolean disputed = feature.getString("featurecla", "").startsWith("Disputed");
+    record BoundaryInfo(int adminLevel, int minzoom, int maxzoom) {}
+    BoundaryInfo info = switch (table) {
+      case "ne_110m_admin_0_boundary_lines_land" -> new BoundaryInfo(2, 0, 0);
+      case "ne_50m_admin_0_boundary_lines_land" -> new BoundaryInfo(2, 1, 3);
+      case "ne_10m_admin_0_boundary_lines_land" -> feature.hasTag("featurecla", "Lease Limit") ? null
+        : new BoundaryInfo(2, 4, 4);
+      case "ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lines" -> {
+        Double minZoom = Parse.parseDoubleOrNull(feature.getTag("min_zoom"));
+        yield minZoom != null && minZoom <= 7 ? new BoundaryInfo(4, 1, 4) : null;
+      }
+      default -> null;
+    };
+    if (info != null) {
+      features.line(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .setZoomRange(info.minzoom, info.maxzoom)
+        .setMinPixelSizeAtAllZooms(0)
+        .setAttr(Fields.ADMIN_LEVEL, info.adminLevel)
+        .setAttr(Fields.MARITIME, 0)
+        .setAttr(Fields.DISPUTED, disputed ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<OsmRelationInfo> preprocessOsmRelation(OsmElement.Relation relation) {
+    if (relation.hasTag("type", "boundary") &&
+      relation.hasTag("admin_level") &&
+      relation.hasTag("boundary", "administrative")) {
+      Integer adminLevelValue = Parse.parseRoundInt(relation.getTag("admin_level"));
+      String code = relation.getString("ISO3166-1:alpha3");
+      if (adminLevelValue != null && adminLevelValue >= 2 && adminLevelValue <= 10) {
+        boolean disputed = isDisputed(relation.tags());
+        if (code != null) {
+          regionNames.put(relation.id(), code);
+        }
+        return List.of(new BoundaryRelation(
+          relation.id(),
+          adminLevelValue,
+          disputed,
+          relation.getString("name"),
+          disputed ? relation.getString("claimed_by") : null,
+          code
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processAllOsm(SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (!feature.canBeLine()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    var relationInfos = feature.relationInfo(BoundaryRelation.class);
+    if (!relationInfos.isEmpty()) {
+      int minAdminLevel = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+      String disputedName = null, claimedBy = null;
+      Set<Long> regionIds = new HashSet<>();
+      boolean disputed = false;
+      // aggregate all borders this way is a part of - take the lowest
+      // admin level, and assume it is disputed if any relation is disputed.
+      for (var info : relationInfos) {
+        BoundaryRelation rel = info.relation();
+        disputed |= rel.disputed;
+        if (rel.adminLevel < minAdminLevel) {
+          minAdminLevel = rel.adminLevel;
+        }
+        if (rel.disputed) {
+          disputedName = disputedName == null ? rel.name : disputedName;
+          claimedBy = claimedBy == null ? rel.claimedBy : claimedBy;
+        }
+        if (minAdminLevel == 2 && regionNames.containsKey(info.relation().id)) {
+          regionIds.add(info.relation().id);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (minAdminLevel <= 10) {
+        boolean wayIsDisputed = isDisputed(feature.tags());
+        disputed |= wayIsDisputed;
+        if (wayIsDisputed) {
+          disputedName = disputedName == null ? feature.getString("name") : disputedName;
+          claimedBy = claimedBy == null ? feature.getString("claimed_by") : claimedBy;
+        }
+        boolean maritime = feature.getBoolean("maritime") ||
+          feature.hasTag("natural", "coastline") ||
+          feature.hasTag("boundary_type", "maritime");
+        int minzoom =
+          (maritime && minAdminLevel == 2) ? 4 :
+            minAdminLevel <= 4 ? 5 :
+              minAdminLevel <= 6 ? 9 :
+                minAdminLevel <= 8 ? 11 : 12;
+        if (addCountryNames && !regionIds.isEmpty()) {
+          // save for later
+          try {
+            CountryBoundaryComponent component = new CountryBoundaryComponent(
+              minAdminLevel,
+              disputed,
+              maritime,
+              minzoom,
+              feature.line(),
+              regionIds,
+              claimedBy,
+              disputedName
+            );
+            // multiple threads may update this concurrently
+            synchronized (this) {
+              boundariesToMerge.computeIfAbsent(component.groupingKey(), key -> new ArrayList<>()).add(component.line);
+              for (var info : relationInfos) {
+                var rel = info.relation();
+                if (rel.adminLevel <= 2) {
+                  regionGeometries.computeIfAbsent(rel.id, id -> new ArrayList<>()).add(component.line);
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          } catch (GeometryException e) {
+            LOGGER.warn("Cannot extract boundary line from " + feature);
+          }
+        } else {
+          features.line(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+            .setAttr(Fields.ADMIN_LEVEL, minAdminLevel)
+            .setAttr(Fields.DISPUTED, disputed ? 1 : 0)
+            .setAttr(Fields.MARITIME, maritime ? 1 : 0)
+            .setMinPixelSizeAtAllZooms(0)
+            .setMinZoom(minzoom)
+            .setAttr(Fields.CLAIMED_BY, claimedBy)
+            .setAttr(Fields.DISPUTED_NAME, editName(disputedName));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void finish(String sourceName, FeatureCollector.Factory featureCollectors,
+    Consumer<FeatureCollector.Feature> emit) {
+    if (BasemapProfile.OSM_SOURCE.equals(sourceName)) {
+      var timer = stats.startStage("boundaries");
+      LongObjectMap<PreparedGeometry> countryBoundaries = prepareRegionPolygons();
+
+      for (var entry : boundariesToMerge.entrySet()) {
+        CountryBoundaryComponent key = entry.getKey();
+        LineMerger merger = new LineMerger();
+        for (Geometry geom : entry.getValue()) {
+          merger.add(geom);
+        }
+        entry.getValue().clear();
+        for (Object merged : merger.getMergedLineStrings()) {
+          if (merged instanceof LineString lineString) {
+            BorderingRegions borderingRegions = getBorderingRegions(countryBoundaries, key.regions, lineString);
+
+            var features = featureCollectors.get(SimpleFeature.fromWorldGeometry(lineString));
+            features.line(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+              .setAttr(Fields.ADMIN_LEVEL, key.adminLevel)
+              .setAttr(Fields.DISPUTED, key.disputed ? 1 : 0)
+              .setAttr(Fields.MARITIME, key.maritime ? 1 : 0)
+              .setAttr(Fields.CLAIMED_BY, key.claimedBy)
+              .setAttr(Fields.DISPUTED_NAME, key.disputed ? editName(key.name) : null)
+              .setAttr(Fields.ADM0_L, borderingRegions.left == null ? null : regionNames.get(borderingRegions.left))
+              .setAttr(Fields.ADM0_R, borderingRegions.right == null ? null : regionNames.get(borderingRegions.right))
+              .setMinPixelSizeAtAllZooms(0)
+              .setMinZoom(key.minzoom);
+            for (var feature : features) {
+              emit.accept(feature);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      timer.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    double minLength = config.minFeatureSize(zoom);
+    double tolerance = config.tolerance(zoom);
+    return FeatureMerge.mergeLineStrings(items, attrs -> minLength, tolerance, BUFFER_SIZE);
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the left and right country for {@code lineString}. */
+  private BorderingRegions getBorderingRegions(
+    LongObjectMap<PreparedGeometry> countryBoundaries,
+    Set<Long> allRegions,
+    LineString lineString
+  ) {
+    Set<Long> validRegions = allRegions.stream()
+      .filter(countryBoundaries::containsKey)
+      .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    if (validRegions.isEmpty()) {
+      return BorderingRegions.empty();
+    }
+    List<Long> rights = new ArrayList<>();
+    List<Long> lefts = new ArrayList<>();
+    int steps = 10;
+    for (int i = 0; i < steps; i++) {
+      double ratio = (double) (i + 1) / (steps + 2);
+      Point right = GeoUtils.pointAlongOffset(lineString, ratio, COUNTRY_TEST_OFFSET);
+      Point left = GeoUtils.pointAlongOffset(lineString, ratio, -COUNTRY_TEST_OFFSET);
+      for (Long regionId : validRegions) {
+        PreparedGeometry geom = countryBoundaries.get(regionId);
+        if (geom != null) {
+          if (geom.contains(right)) {
+            rights.add(regionId);
+          } else if (geom.contains(left)) {
+            lefts.add(regionId);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    var right = mode(rights);
+    if (right != null) {
+      lefts.removeAll(List.of(right));
+    }
+    var left = mode(lefts);
+
+    if (left == null && right == null) {
+      Coordinate point = GeoUtils.worldToLatLonCoords(GeoUtils.pointAlongOffset(lineString, 0.5, 0)).getCoordinate();
+      LOGGER.warn("no left or right country for border between OSM country relations: %s around %s"
+        .formatted(
+          validRegions,
+          Format.osmDebugUrl(10, point)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    return new BorderingRegions(left, right);
+  }
+
+  /** Returns a map from region ID to prepared geometry optimized for {@code contains} queries. */
+  private LongObjectMap<PreparedGeometry> prepareRegionPolygons() {
+    LOGGER.info("Creating polygons for " + regionGeometries.size() + " boundaries");
+    LongObjectMap<PreparedGeometry> countryBoundaries = new GHLongObjectHashMap<>();
+    for (var entry : regionGeometries.entrySet()) {
+      Long regionId = entry.getKey();
+      Polygonizer polygonizer = new Polygonizer();
+      polygonizer.add(entry.getValue());
+      try {
+        Geometry combined = polygonizer.getGeometry().union();
+        if (combined.isEmpty()) {
+          LOGGER.warn("Unable to form closed polygon for OSM relation " + regionId
+            + " (likely missing edges)");
+        } else {
+          countryBoundaries.put(regionId, PreparedGeometryFactory.prepare(combined));
+        }
+      } catch (TopologyException e) {
+        LOGGER
+          .warn("Unable to build boundary polygon for OSM relation " + regionId + ": " + e.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+    LOGGER.info("Finished creating " + countryBoundaries.size() + " country polygons");
+    return countryBoundaries;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns most frequently-occurring element in {@code list}. */
+  private static Long mode(List<Long> list) {
+    return list.stream()
+      .collect(groupingBy(Function.identity(), counting())).entrySet().stream()
+      .max(Map.Entry.comparingByValue())
+      .map(Map.Entry::getKey)
+      .orElse(null);
+  }
+
+  private static record BorderingRegions(Long left, Long right) {
+
+    public static BorderingRegions empty() {
+      return new BorderingRegions(null, null);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Minimal set of information extracted from a boundary relation to be used when processing each way in that
+   * relation.
+   */
+  private static record BoundaryRelation(
+    long id,
+    int adminLevel,
+    boolean disputed,
+    String name,
+    String claimedBy,
+    String iso3166alpha3
+  ) implements OsmRelationInfo {
+
+    @Override
+    public long estimateMemoryUsageBytes() {
+      return CLASS_HEADER_BYTES
+        + MemoryEstimator.estimateSizeLong(id)
+        + MemoryEstimator.estimateSizeInt(adminLevel)
+        + estimateSize(disputed)
+        + POINTER_BYTES + estimateSize(name)
+        + POINTER_BYTES + estimateSize(claimedBy)
+        + POINTER_BYTES + estimateSize(iso3166alpha3);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information to hold onto from processing a way in a boundary relation to determine the left/right region ID later. */
+  private static record CountryBoundaryComponent(
+    int adminLevel,
+    boolean disputed,
+    boolean maritime,
+    int minzoom,
+    Geometry line,
+    Set<Long> regions,
+    String claimedBy,
+    String name
+  ) {
+
+    CountryBoundaryComponent groupingKey() {
+      return new CountryBoundaryComponent(adminLevel, disputed, maritime, minzoom, null, regions, claimedBy, name);
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Building.java

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.coalesce;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator.CLASS_HEADER_BYTES;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse.parseDoubleOrNull;
+import static java.util.Map.entry;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureMerge;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.osm.OsmElement;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.osm.OsmRelationInfo;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for buildings in the {@code building} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/building">OpenMapTiles
+ * building sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Building implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Building,
+  Tables.OsmBuildingPolygon.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.OsmRelationPreprocessor {
+
+  /*
+   * Emit all buildings from OSM data at z14.
+   *
+   * At z13, emit all buildings at process-time, but then at tile render-time,
+   * merge buildings that are overlapping or almost touching into combined
+   * buildings so that entire city blocks show up as a single building polygon.
+   *
+   * THIS IS VERY EXPENSIVE! Merging buildings at z13 adds about 50% to the
+   * total map generation time.  To disable it, set building_merge_z13 argument
+   * to false.
+   */
+
+  private static final Map<String, String> MATERIAL_COLORS = Map.ofEntries(
+    entry("cement_block", "#6a7880"),
+    entry("brick", "#bd8161"),
+    entry("plaster", "#dadbdb"),
+    entry("wood", "#d48741"),
+    entry("concrete", "#d3c2b0"),
+    entry("metal", "#b7b1a6"),
+    entry("stone", "#b4a995"),
+    entry("mud", "#9d8b75"),
+    entry("steel", "#b7b1a6"), // same as metal
+    entry("glass", "#5a81a0"),
+    entry("traditional", "#bd8161"), // same as brick
+    entry("masonry", "#bd8161"), // same as brick
+    entry("Brick", "#bd8161"), // same as brick
+    entry("tin", "#b7b1a6"), // same as metal
+    entry("timber_framing", "#b3b0a9"),
+    entry("sandstone", "#b4a995"), // same as stone
+    entry("clay", "#9d8b75") // same as mud
+  );
+  private final boolean mergeZ13Buildings;
+
+  public Building(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.mergeZ13Buildings = config.arguments().getBoolean(
+      "building_merge_z13",
+      "building layer: merge nearby buildings at z13",
+      true
+    );
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<OsmRelationInfo> preprocessOsmRelation(OsmElement.Relation relation) {
+    if (relation.hasTag("type", "building")) {
+      return List.of(new BuildingRelationInfo(relation.id()));
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmBuildingPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    Boolean hide3d = null;
+    var relations = element.source().relationInfo(BuildingRelationInfo.class);
+    for (var relation : relations) {
+      if ("outline".equals(relation.role())) {
+        hide3d = true;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    String color = element.colour();
+    if (color == null && element.material() != null) {
+      color = MATERIAL_COLORS.get(element.material());
+    }
+    if (color != null) {
+      color = color.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+    }
+
+    Double height = coalesce(
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.height()),
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.buildingheight())
+    );
+    Double minHeight = coalesce(
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.minHeight()),
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.buildingminHeight())
+    );
+    Double levels = coalesce(
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.levels()),
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.buildinglevels())
+    );
+    Double minLevels = coalesce(
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.minLevel()),
+      parseDoubleOrNull(element.buildingminLevel())
+    );
+
+    int renderHeight = (int) Math.ceil(height != null ? height
+      : levels != null ? (levels * 3.66) : 5);
+    int renderMinHeight = (int) Math.floor(minHeight != null ? minHeight
+      : minLevels != null ? (minLevels * 3.66) : 0);
+
+    if (renderHeight < 3660 && renderMinHeight < 3660) {
+      var feature = features.polygon(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .setMinZoom(13)
+        .setMinPixelSize(2)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.RENDER_HEIGHT, renderHeight, 14)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.RENDER_MIN_HEIGHT, renderMinHeight, 14)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.COLOUR, color, 14)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.HIDE_3D, hide3d, 14)
+        .setSortKey(renderHeight);
+      if (mergeZ13Buildings) {
+        feature
+          .setMinPixelSize(0.1)
+          .setPixelTolerance(0.25);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom,
+    List<VectorTile.Feature> items) throws GeometryException {
+    return (mergeZ13Buildings && zoom == 13) ? FeatureMerge.mergeNearbyPolygons(items, 4, 4, 0.5, 0.5) : items;
+  }
+
+  private static record BuildingRelationInfo(long id) implements OsmRelationInfo {
+
+    @Override
+    public long estimateMemoryUsageBytes() {
+      return CLASS_HEADER_BYTES + MemoryEstimator.estimateSizeLong(id);
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Housenumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements in the {@code housenumber} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/housenumber">OpenMapTiles
+ * housenumber sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Housenumber implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Housenumber,
+  Tables.OsmHousenumberPoint.Handler {
+
+  public Housenumber(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmHousenumberPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.centroidIfConvex(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setAttr(Fields.HOUSENUMBER, element.housenumber())
+      .setMinZoom(14);
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Landcover.java

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureMerge;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.expression.MultiExpression;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.ZoomFunction;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for natural land cover polygons like ice, sand, and forest in the
+ * {@code landcover} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/landcover">OpenMapTiles
+ * landcover sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Landcover implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Landcover,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor,
+  Tables.OsmLandcoverPolygon.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor {
+
+  /*
+   * Large ice areas come from natural earth and the rest come from OpenStreetMap at higher zoom
+   * levels. At render-time, postProcess() merges polygons into larger connected area based
+   * on the number of points in the original area.  Since postProcess() only has visibility into
+   * features on a single tile, process() needs to pass the number of points the original feature
+   * had through using a temporary "_numpoints" attribute.
+   */
+
+  public static final ZoomFunction<Number> MIN_PIXEL_SIZE_THRESHOLDS = ZoomFunction.fromMaxZoomThresholds(Map.of(
+    13, 8,
+    10, 4,
+    9, 2
+  ));
+  private static final String TEMP_NUM_POINTS_ATTR = "_numpoints";
+  private static final Set<String> WOOD_OR_FOREST = Set.of(
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_WOOD,
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_FOREST
+  );
+  private final MultiExpression.Index<String> classMapping;
+
+  public Landcover(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.classMapping = FieldMappings.Class.index();
+  }
+
+  private String getClassFromSubclass(String subclass) {
+    return subclass == null ? null : classMapping.getOrElse(Map.of(Fields.SUBCLASS, subclass), null);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature,
+    FeatureCollector features) {
+    record LandcoverInfo(String subclass, int minzoom, int maxzoom) {}
+    LandcoverInfo info = switch (table) {
+      case "ne_110m_glaciated_areas" -> new LandcoverInfo(FieldValues.SUBCLASS_GLACIER, 0, 1);
+      case "ne_50m_glaciated_areas" -> new LandcoverInfo(FieldValues.SUBCLASS_GLACIER, 2, 4);
+      case "ne_10m_glaciated_areas" -> new LandcoverInfo(FieldValues.SUBCLASS_GLACIER, 5, 6);
+      case "ne_50m_antarctic_ice_shelves_polys" -> new LandcoverInfo("ice_shelf", 2, 4);
+      case "ne_10m_antarctic_ice_shelves_polys" -> new LandcoverInfo("ice_shelf", 5, 6);
+      default -> null;
+    };
+    if (info != null) {
+      String clazz = getClassFromSubclass(info.subclass);
+      if (clazz != null) {
+        features.polygon(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+          .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, clazz)
+          .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, info.subclass)
+          .setZoomRange(info.minzoom, info.maxzoom);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmLandcoverPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    String subclass = element.subclass();
+    String clazz = getClassFromSubclass(subclass);
+    if (clazz != null) {
+      features.polygon(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .setMinPixelSizeOverrides(MIN_PIXEL_SIZE_THRESHOLDS)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, clazz)
+        .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, subclass)
+        .setNumPointsAttr(TEMP_NUM_POINTS_ATTR)
+        .setMinZoom(WOOD_OR_FOREST.contains(subclass) ? 9 : 7);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) throws GeometryException {
+    if (zoom < 7 || zoom > 13) {
+      for (var item : items) {
+        item.attrs().remove(TEMP_NUM_POINTS_ATTR);
+      }
+      return items;
+    } else { // z7-13
+      // merging only merges polygons with the same attributes, so use this temporary key
+      // to separate features into layers that will be merged separately
+      String tempGroupKey = "_group";
+      List<VectorTile.Feature> result = new ArrayList<>();
+      List<VectorTile.Feature> toMerge = new ArrayList<>();
+      for (var item : items) {
+        Map<String, Object> attrs = item.attrs();
+        Object numPointsObj = attrs.remove(TEMP_NUM_POINTS_ATTR);
+        Object subclassObj = attrs.get(Fields.SUBCLASS);
+        if (numPointsObj instanceof Number num && subclassObj instanceof String subclass) {
+          long numPoints = num.longValue();
+          if (zoom >= 10) {
+            if (WOOD_OR_FOREST.contains(subclass) && numPoints < 300) {
+              attrs.put(tempGroupKey, numPoints < 50 ? "<50" : "<300");
+              toMerge.add(item);
+            } else { // don't merge
+              result.add(item);
+            }
+          } else if (zoom == 9) {
+            if (WOOD_OR_FOREST.contains(subclass)) {
+              attrs.put(tempGroupKey, numPoints < 50 ? "<50" : numPoints < 300 ? "<300" : ">300");
+              toMerge.add(item);
+            } else { // don't merge
+              result.add(item);
+            }
+          } else { // zoom between 7 and 8
+            toMerge.add(item);
+          }
+        } else {
+          result.add(item);
+        }
+      }
+      var merged = FeatureMerge.mergeOverlappingPolygons(toMerge, 4);
+      for (var item : merged) {
+        item.attrs().remove(tempGroupKey);
+      }
+      result.addAll(merged);
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Landuse.java

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.coalesce;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.ZoomFunction;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for man-made land use polygons like cemeteries, zoos, and hospitals in
+ * the {@code landuse} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/landuse">OpenMapTiles
+ * landuse sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Landuse implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Landuse,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor,
+  Tables.OsmLandusePolygon.Handler {
+
+  private static final ZoomFunction<Number> MIN_PIXEL_SIZE_THRESHOLDS = ZoomFunction.fromMaxZoomThresholds(Map.of(
+    13, 4,
+    7, 2,
+    6, 1
+  ));
+  private static final Set<String> Z6_CLASSES = Set.of(
+    FieldValues.CLASS_RESIDENTIAL,
+    FieldValues.CLASS_SUBURB,
+    FieldValues.CLASS_QUARTER,
+    FieldValues.CLASS_NEIGHBOURHOOD
+  );
+
+  public Landuse(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if ("ne_50m_urban_areas".equals(table)) {
+      Double scalerank = Parse.parseDoubleOrNull(feature.getTag("scalerank"));
+      if (scalerank != null && scalerank <= 2) {
+        features.polygon(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+          .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, FieldValues.CLASS_RESIDENTIAL)
+          .setZoomRange(4, 5);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmLandusePolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    String clazz = coalesce(
+      nullIfEmpty(element.landuse()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.amenity()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.leisure()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.tourism()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.place()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.waterway())
+    );
+    if (clazz != null) {
+      features.polygon(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, clazz)
+        .setMinPixelSizeOverrides(MIN_PIXEL_SIZE_THRESHOLDS)
+        .setMinZoom(Z6_CLASSES.contains(clazz) ? 6 : 9);
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/MountainPeak.java

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.elevationTags;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntMap;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Geometry;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Point;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for mountain peak label points in the {@code mountain_peak} layer from
+ * source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/mountain_peak">OpenMapTiles
+ * mountain_peak sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class MountainPeak implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.MountainPeak,
+  Tables.OsmPeakPoint.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor {
+
+  /*
+   * Mountain peaks come from OpenStreetMap data and are ranked by importance (based on if they
+   * have a name or wikipedia page) then by elevation.  Uses the "label grid" feature to limit
+   * label density by only taking the top 5 most important mountain peaks within each 100x100px
+   * square.
+   */
+
+  private final Translations translations;
+  private final Stats stats;
+
+  public MountainPeak(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.translations = translations;
+    this.stats = stats;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmPeakPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    Integer meters = Parse.parseIntSubstring(element.ele());
+    if (meters != null && Math.abs(meters) < 10_000) {
+      features.point(LAYER_NAME)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, element.source().getTag("natural"))
+        .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+        .putAttrs(elevationTags(meters))
+        .setSortKeyDescending(
+          meters +
+            (nullIfEmpty(element.wikipedia()) != null ? 10_000 : 0) +
+            (nullIfEmpty(element.name()) != null ? 10_000 : 0)
+        )
+        .setMinZoom(7)
+        // need to use a larger buffer size to allow enough points through to not cut off
+        // any label grid squares which could lead to inconsistent label ranks for a feature
+        // in adjacent tiles. postProcess() will remove anything outside the desired buffer.
+        .setBufferPixels(100)
+        .setPointLabelGridSizeAndLimit(13, 100, 5);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    LongIntMap groupCounts = new LongIntHashMap();
+    for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); i++) {
+      VectorTile.Feature feature = items.get(i);
+      int gridrank = groupCounts.getOrDefault(feature.group(), 1);
+      groupCounts.put(feature.group(), gridrank + 1);
+      // now that we have accurate ranks, remove anything outside the desired buffer
+      if (!insideTileBuffer(feature)) {
+        items.set(i, null);
+      } else if (!feature.attrs().containsKey(Fields.RANK)) {
+        feature.attrs().put(Fields.RANK, gridrank);
+      }
+    }
+    return items;
+  }
+
+  private static boolean insideTileBuffer(double xOrY) {
+    return xOrY >= -BUFFER_SIZE && xOrY <= 256 + BUFFER_SIZE;
+  }
+
+  private boolean insideTileBuffer(VectorTile.Feature feature) {
+    try {
+      Geometry geom = feature.geometry().decode();
+      return !(geom instanceof Point point) || (insideTileBuffer(point.getX()) && insideTileBuffer(point.getY()));
+    } catch (GeometryException e) {
+      e.log(stats, "mountain_peak_decode_point", "Error decoding mountain peak point: " + feature.attrs());
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Park.java

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.coalesce;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.collection.FeatureGroup.SORT_KEY_BITS;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntMap;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeoUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryType;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.SortKey;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for designated parks polygons and their label points in the {@code
+ * park} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/park">OpenMapTiles
+ * park sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Park implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Park,
+  Tables.OsmParkPolygon.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor {
+
+  // constants for packing the minimum zoom ordering of park labels into the sort-key field
+  private static final int PARK_NATIONAL_PARK_BOOST = 1 << (SORT_KEY_BITS - 1);
+  private static final int PARK_WIKIPEDIA_BOOST = 1 << (SORT_KEY_BITS - 2);
+
+  // constants for determining the minimum zoom level for a park label based on its area
+  private static final double WORLD_AREA_FOR_70K_SQUARE_METERS =
+    Math.pow(GeoUtils.metersToPixelAtEquator(0, Math.sqrt(70_000)) / 256d, 2);
+  private static final double LOG2 = Math.log(2);
+  private static final int PARK_AREA_RANGE = 1 << (SORT_KEY_BITS - 3);
+  private static final double SMALLEST_PARK_WORLD_AREA = Math.pow(4, -26); // 2^14 tiles, 2^12 pixels per tile
+
+  private final Translations translations;
+  private final Stats stats;
+
+  public Park(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.stats = stats;
+    this.translations = translations;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmParkPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    String protectionTitle = element.protectionTitle();
+    if (protectionTitle != null) {
+      protectionTitle = protectionTitle.replace(' ', '_').toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+    }
+    String clazz = coalesce(
+      nullIfEmpty(protectionTitle),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.boundary()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.leisure())
+    );
+
+    // park shape
+    features.polygon(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, clazz)
+      .setMinPixelSize(2)
+      .setMinZoom(6);
+
+    // park name label point (if it has one)
+    if (element.name() != null) {
+      try {
+        double area = element.source().area();
+        int minzoom = getMinZoomForArea(area);
+
+        features.centroid(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(256)
+          .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, clazz)
+          .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+          .setPointLabelGridPixelSize(14, 100)
+          .setSortKey(SortKey
+            .orderByTruesFirst("national_park".equals(clazz))
+            .thenByTruesFirst(element.source().hasTag("wikipedia") || element.source().hasTag("wikidata"))
+            .thenByLog(area, 1d, SMALLEST_PARK_WORLD_AREA, 1 << (SORT_KEY_BITS - 2) - 1)
+            .get()
+          ).setMinZoom(minzoom);
+      } catch (GeometryException e) {
+        e.log(stats, "omt_park_area", "Unable to get park area for " + element.source().id());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private int getMinZoomForArea(double area) {
+    // sql filter:    area > 70000*2^(20-zoom_level)
+    // simplifies to: zoom_level > 20 - log(area / 70000) / log(2)
+    int minzoom = (int) Math.floor(20 - Math.log(area / WORLD_AREA_FOR_70K_SQUARE_METERS) / LOG2);
+    minzoom = Math.min(14, Math.max(6, minzoom));
+    return minzoom;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    // infer the "rank" attribute from point ordering within each label grid square
+    LongIntMap counts = new LongIntHashMap();
+    for (VectorTile.Feature feature : items) {
+      if (feature.geometry().geomType() == GeometryType.POINT && feature.hasGroup()) {
+        int count = counts.getOrDefault(feature.group(), 0) + 1;
+        feature.attrs().put("rank", count);
+        counts.put(feature.group(), count);
+      }
+    }
+    return items;
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Place.java

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.coalesce;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullOrEmpty;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.collection.FeatureGroup.SORT_KEY_BITS;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntMap;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeoUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.PointIndex;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.PolygonIndex;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.SortKey;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.ZoomFunction;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.DoubleStream;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Point;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating label points for populated places like continents, countries, cities, and towns in
+ * the {@code place} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/place">OpenMapTiles
+ * place sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Place implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Place,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor,
+  Tables.OsmContinentPoint.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmCountryPoint.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmStatePoint.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmIslandPoint.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmIslandPolygon.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmCityPoint.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor {
+
+  /*
+   * Place labels locations and names come from OpenStreetMap, but we also join with natural
+   * earth state/country geographic areas and city point labels to give a hint for what rank
+   * and minimum zoom level to use for those points.
+   */
+
+  private static final TreeMap<Double, Integer> ISLAND_AREA_RANKS = new TreeMap<>(Map.of(
+    Double.MAX_VALUE, 3,
+    squareMetersToWorldArea(40_000_000), 4,
+    squareMetersToWorldArea(15_000_000), 5,
+    squareMetersToWorldArea(1_000_000), 6
+  ));
+  private static final double MIN_ISLAND_WORLD_AREA = Math.pow(4, -26); // 2^14 tiles, 2^12 pixels per tile
+  private static final double CITY_JOIN_DISTANCE = GeoUtils.metersToPixelAtEquator(0, 50_000) / 256d;
+  // constants for packing place label precedence into the sort-key field
+  private static final double MAX_CITY_POPULATION = 100_000_000d;
+  private static final Set<String> MAJOR_CITY_PLACES = Set.of("city", "town", "village");
+  private static final ZoomFunction<Number> LABEL_GRID_LIMITS = ZoomFunction.fromMaxZoomThresholds(Map.of(
+    8, 4,
+    9, 8,
+    10, 12,
+    12, 14
+  ), 0);
+  private final Translations translations;
+  private final Stats stats;
+  // spatial indexes for joining natural earth place labels with their corresponding points
+  // from openstreetmap
+  private PolygonIndex<NaturalEarthRegion> countries = PolygonIndex.create();
+  private PolygonIndex<NaturalEarthRegion> states = PolygonIndex.create();
+  private PointIndex<NaturalEarthPoint> cities = PointIndex.create();
+
+  public Place(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.translations = translations;
+    this.stats = stats;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the portion of the world that {@code squareMeters} covers where 1 is the entire planet. */
+  private static double squareMetersToWorldArea(double squareMeters) {
+    double oneSideMeters = Math.sqrt(squareMeters);
+    double oneSideWorld = GeoUtils.metersToPixelAtEquator(0, oneSideMeters) / 256d;
+    return Math.pow(oneSideWorld, 2);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Packs place precedence ordering ({@code rank asc, place asc, population desc, name.length asc}) into an integer for
+   * the sort-key field.
+   */
+  static int getSortKey(Integer rank, PlaceType place, long population, String name) {
+    return SortKey
+      // ORDER BY "rank" ASC NULLS LAST,
+      .orderByInt(rank == null ? 15 : rank, 0, 15) // 4 bits
+      // place ASC NULLS LAST,
+      .thenByInt(place == null ? 15 : place.ordinal(), 0, 15)  // 4 bits
+      // population DESC NULLS LAST,
+      .thenByLog(population, MAX_CITY_POPULATION, 1, 1 << (SORT_KEY_BITS - 13) - 1)
+      // length(name) ASC
+      .thenByInt(name == null ? 0 : name.length(), 0, 31)  // 5 bits
+      .get();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void release() {
+    countries = null;
+    states = null;
+    cities = null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    // store data from natural earth to help with ranks and min zoom levels when actually
+    // emitting features from openstreetmap data.
+    try {
+      switch (table) {
+        case "ne_10m_admin_0_countries" -> countries.put(feature.worldGeometry(), new NaturalEarthRegion(
+          feature.getString("name"), 6,
+          feature.getLong("scalerank"),
+          feature.getLong("labelrank")
+        ));
+        case "ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces" -> {
+          Double scalerank = Parse.parseDoubleOrNull(feature.getTag("scalerank"));
+          Double labelrank = Parse.parseDoubleOrNull(feature.getTag("labelrank"));
+          if (scalerank != null && scalerank <= 3 && labelrank != null && labelrank <= 2) {
+            states.put(feature.worldGeometry(), new NaturalEarthRegion(
+              feature.getString("name"), 6,
+              scalerank,
+              labelrank,
+              feature.getLong("datarank")
+            ));
+          }
+        }
+        case "ne_10m_populated_places" -> cities.put(feature.worldGeometry(), new NaturalEarthPoint(
+          feature.getString("name"),
+          feature.getString("wikidataid"),
+          (int) feature.getLong("scalerank"),
+          Stream.of("name", "namealt", "meganame", "gn_ascii", "nameascii").map(feature::getString)
+            .filter(Objects::nonNull)
+            .map(s -> s.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT))
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet())
+        ));
+      }
+    } catch (GeometryException e) {
+      e.log(stats, "omt_place_ne",
+        "Error getting geometry for natural earth feature " + table + " " + feature.getTag("ogc_fid"));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmContinentPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (!nullOrEmpty(element.name())) {
+      features.point(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, FieldValues.CLASS_CONTINENT)
+        .setAttr(Fields.RANK, 1)
+        .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+        .setZoomRange(0, 3);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmCountryPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (nullOrEmpty(element.name())) {
+      return;
+    }
+    String isoA2 = coalesce(
+      nullIfEmpty(element.countryCodeIso31661Alpha2()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.iso31661Alpha2()),
+      nullIfEmpty(element.iso31661())
+    );
+    if (isoA2 == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      // set country rank to 6, unless there is a match in natural earth that indicates it
+      // should be lower
+      int rank = 7;
+      NaturalEarthRegion country = countries.get(element.source().worldGeometry().getCentroid());
+      var names = LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations);
+
+      if (country != null) {
+        if (nullOrEmpty(names.get(Fields.NAME_EN))) {
+          names.put(Fields.NAME_EN, country.name);
+        }
+        rank = country.rank;
+      }
+
+      rank = Math.min(6, Math.max(1, rank));
+
+      features.point(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .putAttrs(names)
+        .setAttr(Fields.ISO_A2, isoA2)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, FieldValues.CLASS_COUNTRY)
+        .setAttr(Fields.RANK, rank)
+        .setMinZoom(rank - 1)
+        .setSortKey(rank);
+    } catch (GeometryException e) {
+      e.log(stats, "omt_place_country",
+        "Unable to get point for OSM country " + element.source().id());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmStatePoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    try {
+      // want the containing (not nearest) state polygon since we pre-filter the states in the polygon index
+      // use natural earth to filter out any spurious states, and to set the rank field
+      NaturalEarthRegion state = states.getOnlyContaining(element.source().worldGeometry().getCentroid());
+      if (state != null) {
+        var names = LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations);
+        if (nullOrEmpty(names.get(Fields.NAME_EN))) {
+          names.put(Fields.NAME_EN, state.name);
+        }
+        int rank = Math.min(6, Math.max(1, state.rank));
+
+        features.point(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+          .putAttrs(names)
+          .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, FieldValues.CLASS_STATE)
+          .setAttr(Fields.RANK, rank)
+          .setMinZoom(2)
+          .setSortKey(rank);
+      }
+    } catch (GeometryException e) {
+      e.log(stats, "omt_place_state",
+        "Unable to get point for OSM state " + element.source().id());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmIslandPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    try {
+      double area = element.source().area();
+      int rank = ISLAND_AREA_RANKS.ceilingEntry(area).getValue();
+      int minzoom = rank <= 3 ? 8 : rank <= 4 ? 9 : 10;
+
+      features.pointOnSurface(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, "island")
+        .setAttr(Fields.RANK, rank)
+        .setMinZoom(minzoom)
+        .setSortKey(SortKey.orderByLog(area, 1d, MIN_ISLAND_WORLD_AREA).get());
+    } catch (GeometryException e) {
+      e.log(stats, "omt_place_island_poly",
+        "Unable to get point for OSM island polygon " + element.source().id());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmIslandPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.point(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, "island")
+      .setAttr(Fields.RANK, 7)
+      .setMinZoom(12);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmCityPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    Integer rank = null;
+    if (MAJOR_CITY_PLACES.contains(element.place())) {
+      // only for major cities, attempt to find a nearby natural earth label with a similar
+      // name and use that to set a rank from OSM that causes the label to be shown at lower
+      // zoom levels
+      try {
+        Point point = element.source().worldGeometry().getCentroid();
+        List<NaturalEarthPoint> neCities = cities.getWithin(point, CITY_JOIN_DISTANCE);
+        String rawName = coalesce(element.name(), "");
+        String name = coalesce(rawName, "").toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+        String nameEn = coalesce(element.nameEn(), "").toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+        String normalizedName = StringUtils.stripAccents(rawName);
+        String wikidata = element.source().getString("wikidata", "");
+        for (var neCity : neCities) {
+          if (wikidata.equals(neCity.wikidata) ||
+            neCity.names.contains(name) ||
+            neCity.names.contains(nameEn) ||
+            normalizedName.equals(neCity.name)) {
+            rank = neCity.scaleRank <= 5 ? neCity.scaleRank + 1 : neCity.scaleRank;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (GeometryException e) {
+        e.log(stats, "omt_place_city",
+          "Unable to get point for OSM city " + element.source().id());
+      }
+    }
+
+    String capital = element.capital();
+
+    PlaceType placeType = PlaceType.forName(element.place());
+
+    int minzoom = rank != null && rank == 1 ? 2 :
+      rank != null && rank <= 8 ? Math.max(3, rank - 1) :
+        placeType.ordinal() <= PlaceType.TOWN.ordinal() ? 7 :
+          placeType.ordinal() <= PlaceType.VILLAGE.ordinal() ? 8 :
+            placeType.ordinal() <= PlaceType.SUBURB.ordinal() ? 11 : 14;
+
+    var feature = features.point(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, element.place())
+      .setAttr(Fields.RANK, rank)
+      .setMinZoom(minzoom)
+      .setSortKey(getSortKey(rank, placeType, element.population(), element.name()))
+      .setPointLabelGridPixelSize(12, 128);
+
+    if (rank == null) {
+      feature.setPointLabelGridLimit(LABEL_GRID_LIMITS);
+    }
+
+    if ("2".equals(capital) || "yes".equals(capital)) {
+      feature.setAttr(Fields.CAPITAL, 2);
+    } else if ("4".equals(capital)) {
+      feature.setAttr(Fields.CAPITAL, 4);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    // infer the rank field from ordering of the place labels with each label grid square
+    LongIntMap groupCounts = new LongIntHashMap();
+    for (VectorTile.Feature feature : items) {
+      int gridrank = groupCounts.getOrDefault(feature.group(), 1);
+      groupCounts.put(feature.group(), gridrank + 1);
+      if (!feature.attrs().containsKey(Fields.RANK)) {
+        feature.attrs().put(Fields.RANK, 10 + gridrank);
+      }
+    }
+    return items;
+  }
+
+  /** Ordering defines the precedence of place classes. */
+  enum PlaceType {
+    CITY("city"),
+    TOWN("town"),
+    VILLAGE("village"),
+    HAMLET("hamlet"),
+    SUBURB("suburb"),
+    QUARTER("quarter"),
+    NEIGHBORHOOD("neighbourhood"),
+    ISOLATED_DWELLING("isolated_dwelling"),
+    UNKNOWN("unknown");
+
+    private static final Map<String, PlaceType> byName = new HashMap<>();
+
+    static {
+      for (PlaceType place : values()) {
+        byName.put(place.name, place);
+      }
+    }
+
+    private final String name;
+
+    PlaceType(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    public static PlaceType forName(String name) {
+      return byName.getOrDefault(name, UNKNOWN);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Information extracted from a natural earth geographic region that will be inspected when joining with OpenStreetMap
+   * data.
+   */
+  private static record NaturalEarthRegion(String name, int rank) {
+
+    NaturalEarthRegion(String name, int maxRank, double... ranks) {
+      this(name, (int) Math.ceil(DoubleStream.of(ranks).average().orElse(maxRank)));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Information extracted from a natural earth place label that will be inspected when joining with OpenStreetMap
+   * data.
+   */
+  private static record NaturalEarthPoint(String name, String wikidata, int scaleRank, Set<String> names) {}
+}
+

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Poi.java

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.coalesce;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIf;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullOrEmpty;
+import static java.util.Map.entry;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongIntMap;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.expression.MultiExpression;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for things like shops, parks, and schools in the {@code poi} layer from
+ * source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/poi">OpenMapTiles
+ * poi sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Poi implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Poi,
+  Tables.OsmPoiPoint.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmPoiPolygon.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor {
+
+  /*
+   * process() creates the raw POI feature from OSM elements and postProcess()
+   * assigns the feature rank from order in the tile at render-time.
+   */
+
+  private static final Map<String, Integer> CLASS_RANKS = Map.ofEntries(
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_HOSPITAL, 20),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_RAILWAY, 40),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_BUS, 50),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_ATTRACTION, 70),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_HARBOR, 75),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_COLLEGE, 80),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_SCHOOL, 85),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_STADIUM, 90),
+    entry("zoo", 95),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_TOWN_HALL, 100),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_CAMPSITE, 110),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_CEMETERY, 115),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_PARK, 120),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_LIBRARY, 130),
+    entry("police", 135),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_POST, 140),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_GOLF, 150),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_SHOP, 400),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_GROCERY, 500),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_FAST_FOOD, 600),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_CLOTHING_STORE, 700),
+    entry(FieldValues.CLASS_BAR, 800)
+  );
+  private final MultiExpression.Index<String> classMapping;
+  private final Translations translations;
+
+  public Poi(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.classMapping = FieldMappings.Class.index();
+    this.translations = translations;
+  }
+
+  static int poiClassRank(String clazz) {
+    return CLASS_RANKS.getOrDefault(clazz, 1_000);
+  }
+
+  private String poiClass(String subclass, String mappingKey) {
+    subclass = coalesce(subclass, "");
+    return classMapping.getOrElse(Map.of(
+      "subclass", subclass,
+      "mapping_key", coalesce(mappingKey, "")
+    ), subclass);
+  }
+
+  private int minzoom(String subclass, String mappingKey) {
+    boolean lowZoom = ("station".equals(subclass) && "railway".equals(mappingKey)) ||
+      "halt".equals(subclass) || "ferry_terminal".equals(subclass);
+    return lowZoom ? 12 : 14;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmPoiPoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    // TODO handle uic_ref => agg_stop
+    setupPoiFeature(element, features.point(LAYER_NAME));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmPoiPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    setupPoiFeature(element, features.centroidIfConvex(LAYER_NAME));
+  }
+
+  private <T extends
+    Tables.WithSubclass &
+    Tables.WithStation &
+    Tables.WithFunicular &
+    Tables.WithSport &
+    Tables.WithInformation &
+    Tables.WithReligion &
+    Tables.WithMappingKey &
+    Tables.WithName &
+    Tables.WithIndoor &
+    Tables.WithLayer &
+    Tables.WithSource>
+  void setupPoiFeature(T element, FeatureCollector.Feature output) {
+    String rawSubclass = element.subclass();
+    if ("station".equals(rawSubclass) && "subway".equals(element.station())) {
+      rawSubclass = "subway";
+    }
+    if ("station".equals(rawSubclass) && "yes".equals(element.funicular())) {
+      rawSubclass = "halt";
+    }
+
+    String subclass = switch (rawSubclass) {
+      case "information" -> nullIfEmpty(element.information());
+      case "place_of_worship" -> nullIfEmpty(element.religion());
+      case "pitch" -> nullIfEmpty(element.sport());
+      default -> rawSubclass;
+    };
+    String poiClass = poiClass(rawSubclass, element.mappingKey());
+    int poiClassRank = poiClassRank(poiClass);
+    int rankOrder = poiClassRank + ((nullOrEmpty(element.name())) ? 2000 : 0);
+
+    output.setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, poiClass)
+      .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, subclass)
+      .setAttr(Fields.LAYER, nullIf(element.layer(), 0))
+      .setAttr(Fields.LEVEL, Parse.parseLongOrNull(element.source().getTag("level")))
+      .setAttr(Fields.INDOOR, element.indoor() ? 1 : null)
+      .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+      .setPointLabelGridPixelSize(14, 64)
+      .setSortKey(rankOrder)
+      .setMinZoom(minzoom(element.subclass(), element.mappingKey()));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    // infer the "rank" field from the order of features within each label grid square
+    LongIntMap groupCounts = new LongIntHashMap();
+    for (VectorTile.Feature feature : items) {
+      int gridrank = groupCounts.getOrDefault(feature.group(), 1);
+      groupCounts.put(feature.group(), gridrank + 1);
+      if (!feature.attrs().containsKey(Fields.RANK)) {
+        feature.attrs().put(Fields.RANK, gridrank);
+      }
+    }
+    return items;
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Transportation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.*;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureMerge;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.expression.MultiExpression;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.ZoomFunction;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.LineString;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for roads, shipways, railroads, and paths in the {@code transportation}
+ * layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/transportation">OpenMapTiles
+ * transportation sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Transportation implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Transportation,
+  Tables.OsmAerialwayLinestring.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmHighwayLinestring.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmRailwayLinestring.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmShipwayLinestring.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmHighwayPolygon.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.IgnoreWikidata {
+
+  /*
+   * Generates the shape for roads, trails, ferries, railways with detailed
+   * attributes for rendering, but not any names.  The transportation_name
+   * layer includes names, but less detailed attributes.
+   */
+
+  private static final MultiExpression.Index<String> classMapping = FieldMappings.Class.index();
+  private static final Set<String> RAILWAY_RAIL_VALUES = Set.of(
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_RAIL,
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_NARROW_GAUGE,
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_PRESERVED,
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_FUNICULAR
+  );
+  private static final Set<String> RAILWAY_TRANSIT_VALUES = Set.of(
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_SUBWAY,
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_LIGHT_RAIL,
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_MONORAIL,
+    FieldValues.SUBCLASS_TRAM
+  );
+  private static final Set<String> SERVICE_VALUES = Set.of(
+    FieldValues.SERVICE_SPUR,
+    FieldValues.SERVICE_YARD,
+    FieldValues.SERVICE_SIDING,
+    FieldValues.SERVICE_CROSSOVER,
+    FieldValues.SERVICE_DRIVEWAY,
+    FieldValues.SERVICE_ALLEY,
+    FieldValues.SERVICE_PARKING_AISLE
+  );
+  private static final Set<String> SURFACE_UNPAVED_VALUES = Set.of(
+    "unpaved", "compacted", "dirt", "earth", "fine_gravel", "grass", "grass_paver", "gravel", "gravel_turf", "ground",
+    "ice", "mud", "pebblestone", "salt", "sand", "snow", "woodchips"
+  );
+  private static final Set<String> SURFACE_PAVED_VALUES = Set.of(
+    "paved", "asphalt", "cobblestone", "concrete", "concrete:lanes", "concrete:plates", "metal",
+    "paving_stones", "sett", "unhewn_cobblestone", "wood"
+  );
+  private static final ZoomFunction.MeterToPixelThresholds MIN_LENGTH = ZoomFunction.meterThresholds()
+    .put(7, 50)
+    .put(6, 100)
+    .put(5, 500)
+    .put(4, 1_000);
+  private final Map<String, Integer> MINZOOMS;
+  private final Stats stats;
+  private final PlanetilerConfig config;
+
+  public Transportation(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.config = config;
+    this.stats = stats;
+    boolean z13Paths = config.arguments().getBoolean(
+      "transportation_z13_paths",
+      "transportation(_name) layer: show paths on z13",
+      true
+    );
+    MINZOOMS = Map.of(
+      FieldValues.CLASS_TRACK, 14,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_PATH, z13Paths ? 13 : 14,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_MINOR, 13,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_RACEWAY, 12,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_TERTIARY, 11,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_SECONDARY, 9,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_PRIMARY, 7,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_TRUNK, 5,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_MOTORWAY, 4
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Returns a value for {@code surface} tag constrained to a small set of known values from raw OSM data. */
+  private static String surface(String value) {
+    return value == null ? null : SURFACE_PAVED_VALUES.contains(value) ? FieldValues.SURFACE_PAVED :
+      SURFACE_UNPAVED_VALUES.contains(value) ? FieldValues.SURFACE_UNPAVED : null;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns a value for {@code service} tag constrained to a small set of known values from raw OSM data. */
+  private static String service(String value) {
+    return (value == null || !SERVICE_VALUES.contains(value)) ? null : value;
+  }
+
+  private static String railwayClass(String value) {
+    return value == null ? null :
+      RAILWAY_RAIL_VALUES.contains(value) ? "rail" :
+        RAILWAY_TRANSIT_VALUES.contains(value) ? "transit" : null;
+  }
+
+  static String highwayClass(String highway, String publicTransport, String construction, String manMade) {
+    return (!nullOrEmpty(highway) || !nullOrEmpty(publicTransport)) ? classMapping.getOrElse(Map.of(
+      "highway", coalesce(highway, ""),
+      "public_transport", coalesce(publicTransport, ""),
+      "construction", coalesce(construction, "")
+    ), manMade) : manMade;
+  }
+
+  static String highwaySubclass(String highwayClass, String publicTransport, String highway) {
+    return FieldValues.CLASS_PATH.equals(highwayClass) ? coalesce(nullIfEmpty(publicTransport), highway) : null;
+  }
+
+  static boolean isFootwayOrSteps(String highway) {
+    return "footway".equals(highway) || "steps".equals(highway);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean isResidentialOrUnclassified(String highway) {
+    return "residential".equals(highway) || "unclassified".equals(highway);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean isBridgeOrPier(String manMade) {
+    return "bridge".equals(manMade) || "pier".equals(manMade);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmHighwayLinestring element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (element.isArea()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    String highway = element.highway();
+    String highwayClass = highwayClass(element.highway(), element.publicTransport(), element.construction(),
+      element.manMade());
+    if (highwayClass != null) {
+      int minzoom;
+      if ("pier".equals(element.manMade())) {
+        try {
+          if (element.source().worldGeometry() instanceof LineString lineString && lineString.isClosed()) {
+            // ignore this because it's a polygon
+            return;
+          }
+        } catch (GeometryException e) {
+          e.log(stats, "omt_transportation_pier",
+            "Unable to decode pier geometry for " + element.source().id());
+          return;
+        }
+        minzoom = 13;
+      } else if (isResidentialOrUnclassified(highway)) {
+        minzoom = 12;
+      } else {
+        String baseClass = highwayClass.replace("_construction", "");
+        minzoom = MINZOOMS.getOrDefault(baseClass, 12);
+      }
+      boolean highwayIsLink = coalesce(highway, "").endsWith("_link");
+
+      if (highwayIsLink) {
+        minzoom = Math.max(minzoom, 9);
+      }
+
+      boolean highwayRamp = highwayIsLink || "steps".equals(highway);
+      int rampAboveZ12 = (highwayRamp || element.isRamp()) ? 1 : 0;
+      int rampBelowZ12 = highwayRamp ? 1 : 0;
+
+      FeatureCollector.Feature feature = features.line(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        // main attributes at all zoom levels (used for grouping <= z8)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, highwayClass)
+        .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, highwaySubclass(highwayClass, element.publicTransport(), highway))
+        .setAttr(Fields.BRUNNEL, brunnel(element.isBridge(), element.isTunnel(), element.isFord()))
+        // rest at z9+
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.SERVICE, service(element.service()), 12)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.ONEWAY, element.isOneway(), 12)
+        .setAttr(Fields.RAMP, minzoom >= 12 ? rampAboveZ12 :
+          ((ZoomFunction<Integer>) z -> z < 9 ? null : z >= 12 ? rampAboveZ12 : rampBelowZ12))
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.LAYER, nullIf(element.layer(), 0), 9)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.BICYCLE, nullIfEmpty(element.bicycle()), 9)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.FOOT, nullIfEmpty(element.foot()), 9)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.HORSE, nullIfEmpty(element.horse()), 9)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.MTB_SCALE, nullIfEmpty(element.mtbScale()), 9)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.SURFACE, surface(element.surface()), 12)
+        .setMinPixelSize(0) // merge during post-processing, then limit by size
+        .setSortKey(element.zOrder())
+        .setMinZoom(minzoom);
+
+      if (isFootwayOrSteps(highway)) {
+        feature
+          .setAttr(Fields.LEVEL, Parse.parseLongOrNull(element.source().getTag("level")))
+          .setAttr(Fields.INDOOR, element.indoor() ? 1 : null);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmRailwayLinestring element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    String railway = element.railway();
+    String clazz = railwayClass(railway);
+    if (clazz != null) {
+      String service = nullIfEmpty(element.service());
+      int minzoom;
+      if (service != null) {
+        minzoom = 14;
+      } else if (FieldValues.SUBCLASS_RAIL.equals(railway)) {
+        minzoom = "main".equals(element.usage()) ? 8 : 10;
+      } else if (FieldValues.SUBCLASS_NARROW_GAUGE.equals(railway)) {
+        minzoom = 10;
+      } else if (FieldValues.SUBCLASS_LIGHT_RAIL.equals(railway)) {
+        minzoom = 11;
+      } else {
+        minzoom = 14;
+      }
+      features.line(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, clazz)
+        .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, railway)
+        .setAttr(Fields.SERVICE, service(service))
+        .setAttr(Fields.ONEWAY, element.isOneway())
+        .setAttr(Fields.RAMP, element.isRamp() ? 1 : 0)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.BRUNNEL, brunnel(element.isBridge(), element.isTunnel(), element.isFord()), 10)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.LAYER, nullIf(element.layer(), 0), 9)
+        .setSortKey(element.zOrder())
+        .setMinPixelSize(0) // merge during post-processing, then limit by size
+        .setMinZoom(minzoom);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmAerialwayLinestring element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.line(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, "aerialway")
+      .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, element.aerialway())
+      .setAttr(Fields.SERVICE, service(element.service()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.ONEWAY, element.isOneway())
+      .setAttr(Fields.RAMP, element.isRamp() ? 1 : 0)
+      .setAttr(Fields.BRUNNEL, brunnel(element.isBridge(), element.isTunnel(), element.isFord()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.LAYER, nullIf(element.layer(), 0))
+      .setSortKey(element.zOrder())
+      .setMinPixelSize(0) // merge during post-processing, then limit by size
+      .setMinZoom(12);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmShipwayLinestring element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.line(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, element.shipway()) // "ferry"
+      // no subclass
+      .setAttr(Fields.SERVICE, service(element.service()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.ONEWAY, element.isOneway())
+      .setAttr(Fields.RAMP, element.isRamp() ? 1 : 0)
+      .setAttr(Fields.BRUNNEL, brunnel(element.isBridge(), element.isTunnel(), element.isFord()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.LAYER, nullIf(element.layer(), 0))
+      .setSortKey(element.zOrder())
+      .setMinPixelSize(0) // merge during post-processing, then limit by size
+      .setMinZoom(11);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmHighwayPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    String manMade = element.manMade();
+    if (isBridgeOrPier(manMade) ||
+      // ignore underground pedestrian areas
+      (element.isArea() && element.layer() >= 0)) {
+      String highwayClass = highwayClass(element.highway(), element.publicTransport(), null, element.manMade());
+      if (highwayClass != null) {
+        features.polygon(LAYER_NAME).setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+          .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, highwayClass)
+          .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, highwaySubclass(highwayClass, element.publicTransport(), element.highway()))
+          .setAttr(Fields.BRUNNEL, brunnel("bridge".equals(manMade), false, false))
+          .setAttr(Fields.LAYER, nullIf(element.layer(), 0))
+          .setSortKey(element.zOrder())
+          .setMinZoom(13);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    double tolerance = config.tolerance(zoom);
+    double minLength = coalesce(MIN_LENGTH.apply(zoom), config.minFeatureSize(zoom)).doubleValue();
+    return FeatureMerge.mergeLineStrings(items, minLength, tolerance, BUFFER_SIZE);
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/TransportationName.java

@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers.Transportation.highwayClass;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers.Transportation.highwaySubclass;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers.Transportation.isFootwayOrSteps;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.brunnel;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.coalesce;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIf;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator.CLASS_HEADER_BYTES;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator.POINTER_BYTES;
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator.estimateSize;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureMerge;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeoUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.osm.OsmElement;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.osm.OsmReader;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.osm.OsmRelationInfo;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.MemoryEstimator;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.ZoomFunction;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Geometry;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.prep.PreparedGeometry;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.prep.PreparedGeometryFactory;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for road, shipway, rail, and path names in the {@code
+ * transportation_name} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/transportation_name">OpenMapTiles
+ * transportation_name sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class TransportationName implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.TransportationName,
+  Tables.OsmHighwayLinestring.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.OsmRelationPreprocessor,
+  BasemapProfile.IgnoreWikidata {
+
+  /*
+   * Generate road names from OSM data.  Route network and ref are copied
+   * from relations that roads are a part of - except in Great Britain which
+   * uses a naming convention instead of relations.
+   *
+   * The goal is to make name linestrings as long as possible to give clients
+   * the best chance of showing road names at different zoom levels, so do not
+   * limit linestrings by length at process time and merge them at tile
+   * render-time.
+   *
+   * Any 3-way nodes and intersections break line merging so set the
+   * transportation_name_limit_merge argument to true to add temporary
+   * "is link" and "relation" keys to prevent opposite directions of a
+   * divided highway or on/off ramps from getting merged for main highways.
+   */
+
+  // extra temp key used to group on/off-ramps separately from main highways
+  private static final String LINK_TEMP_KEY = "__islink";
+  private static final String RELATION_ID_TEMP_KEY = "__relid";
+
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TransportationName.class);
+  private static final Pattern GREAT_BRITAIN_REF_NETWORK_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^[AM][0-9AM()]+");
+  private static final ZoomFunction.MeterToPixelThresholds MIN_LENGTH = ZoomFunction.meterThresholds()
+    .put(6, 20_000)
+    .put(7, 20_000)
+    .put(8, 14_000)
+    .put(9, 8_000)
+    .put(10, 8_000)
+    .put(11, 8_000);
+  private static final Comparator<RouteRelation> RELATION_ORDERING = Comparator
+    .<RouteRelation>comparingInt(r -> r.network.ordinal())
+    // TODO also compare network string?
+    .thenComparingInt(r -> r.ref.length())
+    .thenComparing(RouteRelation::ref);
+  private final Map<String, Integer> MINZOOMS;
+  private final boolean brunnel;
+  private final boolean sizeForShield;
+  private final boolean limitMerge;
+  private final Stats stats;
+  private final PlanetilerConfig config;
+  private final AtomicBoolean loggedNoGb = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+  private PreparedGeometry greatBritain = null;
+
+  public TransportationName(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.config = config;
+    this.stats = stats;
+    this.brunnel = config.arguments().getBoolean(
+      "transportation_name_brunnel",
+      "transportation_name layer: set to false to omit brunnel and help merge long highways",
+      false
+    );
+    this.sizeForShield = config.arguments().getBoolean(
+      "transportation_name_size_for_shield",
+      "transportation_name layer: allow road names on shorter segments (ie. they will have a shield)",
+      false
+    );
+    this.limitMerge = config.arguments().getBoolean(
+      "transportation_name_limit_merge",
+      "transportation_name layer: limit merge so we don't combine different relations to help merge long highways",
+      false
+    );
+    boolean z13Paths = config.arguments().getBoolean(
+      "transportation_z13_paths",
+      "transportation(_name) layer: show paths on z13",
+      true
+    );
+    MINZOOMS = Map.of(
+      FieldValues.CLASS_TRACK, 14,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_PATH, z13Paths ? 13 : 14,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_MINOR, 13,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_TRUNK, 8,
+      FieldValues.CLASS_MOTORWAY, 6
+      // default: 12
+    );
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature,
+    FeatureCollector features) {
+    if ("ne_10m_admin_0_countries".equals(table) && feature.hasTag("iso_a2", "GB")) {
+      // multiple threads call this method concurrently, GB polygon *should* only be found
+      // once, but just to be safe synchronize updates to that field
+      synchronized (this) {
+        try {
+          Geometry boundary = feature.polygon().buffer(GeoUtils.metersToPixelAtEquator(0, 10_000) / 256d);
+          greatBritain = PreparedGeometryFactory.prepare(boundary);
+        } catch (GeometryException e) {
+          LOGGER.error("Failed to get Great Britain Polygon: " + e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<OsmRelationInfo> preprocessOsmRelation(OsmElement.Relation relation) {
+    if (relation.hasTag("route", "road")) {
+      RouteNetwork networkType = null;
+      String network = relation.getString("network");
+      String ref = relation.getString("ref");
+
+      if ("US:I".equals(network)) {
+        networkType = RouteNetwork.US_INTERSTATE;
+      } else if ("US:US".equals(network)) {
+        networkType = RouteNetwork.US_HIGHWAY;
+      } else if (network != null && network.length() == 5 && network.startsWith("US:")) {
+        networkType = RouteNetwork.US_STATE;
+      } else if (network != null && network.startsWith("CA:transcanada")) {
+        networkType = RouteNetwork.CA_TRANSCANADA;
+      }
+
+      if (networkType != null) {
+        return List.of(new RouteRelation(coalesce(ref, ""), networkType, relation.id()));
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmHighwayLinestring element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    List<OsmReader.RelationMember<RouteRelation>> relations = element.source()
+      .relationInfo(RouteRelation.class);
+
+    String ref = element.ref();
+    RouteRelation relation = getRouteRelation(element, relations, ref);
+    if (relation != null && nullIfEmpty(relation.ref) != null) {
+      ref = relation.ref;
+    }
+
+    String name = nullIfEmpty(element.name());
+    ref = nullIfEmpty(ref);
+    String highway = nullIfEmpty(element.highway());
+
+    String highwayClass = highwayClass(element.highway(), null, element.construction(), element.manMade());
+    if (element.isArea() || highway == null || highwayClass == null || (name == null && ref == null)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    String baseClass = highwayClass.replace("_construction", "");
+
+    int minzoom = MINZOOMS.getOrDefault(baseClass, 12);
+    boolean isLink = highway.endsWith("_link");
+    if (isLink) {
+      minzoom = Math.max(13, minzoom);
+    }
+
+    FeatureCollector.Feature feature = features.line(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setBufferPixelOverrides(MIN_LENGTH)
+      // TODO abbreviate road names - can't port osml10n because it is AGPL
+      .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNamesWithoutTranslations(element.source().tags()))
+      .setAttr(Fields.REF, ref)
+      .setAttr(Fields.REF_LENGTH, ref != null ? ref.length() : null)
+      .setAttr(Fields.NETWORK,
+        (relation != null && relation.network != null) ? relation.network.name : ref != null ? "road" : null)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, highwayClass)
+      .setAttr(Fields.SUBCLASS, highwaySubclass(highwayClass, null, highway))
+      .setMinPixelSize(0)
+      .setSortKey(element.zOrder())
+      .setMinZoom(minzoom);
+
+    if (brunnel) {
+      feature.setAttr(Fields.BRUNNEL, brunnel(element.isBridge(), element.isTunnel(), element.isFord()));
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * to help group roads into longer segments, add temporary tags to limit which segments get grouped together. Since
+     * a divided highway typically has a separate relation for each direction, this ends up keeping segments going
+     * opposite directions group getting grouped together and confusing the line merging process
+     */
+    if (limitMerge) {
+      feature
+        .setAttr(LINK_TEMP_KEY, isLink ? 1 : 0)
+        .setAttr(RELATION_ID_TEMP_KEY, relation == null ? null : relation.id);
+    }
+
+    if (isFootwayOrSteps(highway)) {
+      feature
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.LAYER, nullIf(element.layer(), 0), 12)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.LEVEL, Parse.parseLongOrNull(element.source().getTag("level")), 12)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.INDOOR, element.indoor() ? 1 : null, 12);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private RouteRelation getRouteRelation(Tables.OsmHighwayLinestring element,
+    List<OsmReader.RelationMember<RouteRelation>> relations, String ref) {
+    RouteRelation relation = relations.stream()
+      .map(OsmReader.RelationMember::relation)
+      .min(RELATION_ORDERING)
+      .orElse(null);
+    if (relation == null && ref != null) {
+      // GB doesn't use regular relations like everywhere else, so if we are
+      // in GB then use a naming convention instead.
+      Matcher refMatcher = GREAT_BRITAIN_REF_NETWORK_PATTERN.matcher(ref);
+      if (refMatcher.find()) {
+        if (greatBritain == null) {
+          if (!loggedNoGb.get() && loggedNoGb.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+            LOGGER.warn("No GB polygon for inferring route network types");
+          }
+        } else {
+          try {
+            Geometry wayGeometry = element.source().worldGeometry();
+            if (greatBritain.intersects(wayGeometry)) {
+              RouteNetwork networkType =
+                "motorway".equals(element.highway()) ? RouteNetwork.GB_MOTORWAY : RouteNetwork.GB_TRUNK;
+              relation = new RouteRelation(refMatcher.group(), networkType, 0);
+            }
+          } catch (GeometryException e) {
+            e.log(stats, "omt_transportation_name_gb_test",
+              "Unable to test highway against GB route network: " + element.source().id());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return relation;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    double tolerance = config.tolerance(zoom);
+    double minLength = coalesce(MIN_LENGTH.apply(zoom), 0).doubleValue();
+    // TODO tolerances:
+    // z6: (tolerance: 500)
+    // z7: (tolerance: 200)
+    // z8: (tolerance: 120)
+    // z9-11: (tolerance: 50)
+    Function<Map<String, Object>, Double> lengthLimitCalculator =
+      zoom >= 14 ? (p -> 0d) :
+        minLength > 0 ? (p -> minLength) :
+          this::getMinLengthForName;
+    var result = FeatureMerge.mergeLineStrings(items, lengthLimitCalculator, tolerance, BUFFER_SIZE);
+    if (limitMerge) {
+      // remove temp keys that were just used to improve line merging
+      for (var feature : result) {
+        feature.attrs().remove(LINK_TEMP_KEY);
+        feature.attrs().remove(RELATION_ID_TEMP_KEY);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the minimum pixel length that a name will fit into. */
+  private double getMinLengthForName(Map<String, Object> attrs) {
+    Object ref = attrs.get(Fields.REF);
+    Object name = coalesce(attrs.get(Fields.NAME), ref);
+    return (sizeForShield && ref instanceof String) ? 6 :
+      name instanceof String str ? str.length() * 6 : Double.MAX_VALUE;
+  }
+
+  private enum RouteNetwork {
+
+    US_INTERSTATE("us-interstate"),
+    US_HIGHWAY("us-highway"),
+    US_STATE("us-state"),
+    CA_TRANSCANADA("ca-transcanada"),
+    GB_MOTORWAY("gb-motorway"),
+    GB_TRUNK("gb-trunk");
+
+    final String name;
+
+    RouteNetwork(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information extracted from route relations to use when processing ways in that relation. */
+  private static record RouteRelation(
+    String ref,
+    RouteNetwork network,
+    @Override long id
+  ) implements OsmRelationInfo {
+
+    @Override
+    public long estimateMemoryUsageBytes() {
+      return CLASS_HEADER_BYTES +
+        POINTER_BYTES + estimateSize(ref) +
+        POINTER_BYTES + // network
+        MemoryEstimator.estimateSizeLong(id);
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Water.java

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.expression.MultiExpression;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for oceans and lakes in the {@code water} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/water">OpenMapTiles
+ * water sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Water implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Water,
+  Tables.OsmWaterPolygon.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.OsmWaterPolygonProcessor {
+
+  /*
+   * At low zoom levels, use natural earth for oceans and major lakes, and at high zoom levels
+   * use OpenStreetMap data. OpenStreetMap data contains smaller bodies of water, but not
+   * large ocean polygons. For oceans, use https://osmdata.openstreetmap.de/data/water-polygons.html
+   * which infers ocean polygons by preprocessing all coastline elements.
+   */
+
+  private final MultiExpression.Index<String> classMapping;
+
+  public Water(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.classMapping = FieldMappings.Class.index();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    record WaterInfo(int minZoom, int maxZoom, String clazz) {}
+    WaterInfo info = switch (table) {
+      case "ne_110m_ocean" -> new WaterInfo(0, 1, FieldValues.CLASS_OCEAN);
+      case "ne_50m_ocean" -> new WaterInfo(2, 4, FieldValues.CLASS_OCEAN);
+      case "ne_10m_ocean" -> new WaterInfo(5, 5, FieldValues.CLASS_OCEAN);
+
+      case "ne_110m_lakes" -> new WaterInfo(0, 1, FieldValues.CLASS_LAKE);
+      case "ne_50m_lakes" -> new WaterInfo(2, 3, FieldValues.CLASS_LAKE);
+      case "ne_10m_lakes" -> new WaterInfo(4, 5, FieldValues.CLASS_LAKE);
+      default -> null;
+    };
+    if (info != null) {
+      features.polygon(LAYER_NAME)
+        .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .setZoomRange(info.minZoom, info.maxZoom)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, info.clazz);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processOsmWater(SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    features.polygon(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, FieldValues.CLASS_OCEAN)
+      .setMinZoom(6);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmWaterPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (!"bay".equals(element.natural())) {
+      features.polygon(LAYER_NAME)
+        .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .setMinPixelSizeBelowZoom(11, 2)
+        .setMinZoom(6)
+        .setAttr(Fields.INTERMITTENT, element.isIntermittent() ? 1 : 0)
+        .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.BRUNNEL, Utils.brunnel(element.isBridge(), element.isTunnel()), 12)
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, classMapping.getOrElse(element.source(), FieldValues.CLASS_RIVER));
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/WaterName.java

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.LongObjectMap;
+import com.graphhopper.coll.GHLongObjectHashMap;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeoUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.geo.GeometryException;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Parse;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Geometry;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating map elements for ocean and lake names in the {@code water_name} layer from source
+ * features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/water_name">OpenMapTiles
+ * water_name sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class WaterName implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.WaterName,
+  Tables.OsmMarinePoint.Handler,
+  Tables.OsmWaterPolygon.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.LakeCenterlineProcessor {
+
+  /*
+   * Labels for lakes and oceans come primarily from OpenStreetMap data, but we also join
+   * with the lake centerlines source to get linestring geometries for prominent lakes.
+   * We also join with natural earth to make certain important lake/ocean labels visible
+   * at lower zoom levels.
+   */
+
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WaterName.class);
+  private static final double WORLD_AREA_FOR_70K_SQUARE_METERS =
+    Math.pow(GeoUtils.metersToPixelAtEquator(0, Math.sqrt(70_000)) / 256d, 2);
+  private static final double LOG2 = Math.log(2);
+  private final Translations translations;
+  // need to synchronize updates from multiple threads
+  private final LongObjectMap<Geometry> lakeCenterlines = new GHLongObjectHashMap<>();
+  // may be updated concurrently by multiple threads
+  private final ConcurrentSkipListMap<String, Integer> importantMarinePoints = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>();
+  private final Stats stats;
+
+  public WaterName(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.translations = translations;
+    this.stats = stats;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void release() {
+    lakeCenterlines.release();
+    importantMarinePoints.clear();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processLakeCenterline(SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    // TODO pull lake centerline computation into planetiler?
+    long osmId = Math.abs(feature.getLong("OSM_ID"));
+    if (osmId == 0L) {
+      LOGGER.warn("Bad lake centerline. Tags: " + feature.tags());
+    } else {
+      try {
+        // multiple threads call this concurrently
+        synchronized (this) {
+          lakeCenterlines.put(osmId, feature.worldGeometry());
+        }
+      } catch (GeometryException e) {
+        e.log(stats, "omt_water_name_lakeline", "Bad lake centerline: " + feature);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    // use natural earth named polygons just as a source of name to zoom-level mappings for later
+    if ("ne_10m_geography_marine_polys".equals(table)) {
+      String name = feature.getString("name");
+      Integer scalerank = Parse.parseIntOrNull(feature.getTag("scalerank"));
+      if (name != null && scalerank != null) {
+        name = name.replaceAll("\\s+", " ").trim().toLowerCase();
+        importantMarinePoints.put(name, scalerank);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmMarinePoint element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (!element.name().isBlank()) {
+      String place = element.place();
+      var source = element.source();
+      // use name from OSM, but get min zoom from natural earth based on fuzzy name match...
+      Integer rank = Parse.parseIntOrNull(source.getTag("rank"));
+      String name = element.name().toLowerCase();
+      Integer nerank;
+      if ((nerank = importantMarinePoints.get(name)) != null) {
+        rank = nerank;
+      } else if ((nerank = importantMarinePoints.get(source.getString("name:en", "").toLowerCase())) != null) {
+        rank = nerank;
+      } else if ((nerank = importantMarinePoints.get(source.getString("name:es", "").toLowerCase())) != null) {
+        rank = nerank;
+      } else {
+        Map.Entry<String, Integer> next = importantMarinePoints.ceilingEntry(name);
+        if (next != null && next.getKey().startsWith(name)) {
+          rank = next.getValue();
+        }
+      }
+      int minZoom = "ocean".equals(place) ? 0 : rank != null ? rank : 8;
+      features.point(LAYER_NAME)
+        .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+        .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(source.tags(), translations))
+        .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, place)
+        .setAttr(Fields.INTERMITTENT, element.isIntermittent() ? 1 : 0)
+        .setMinZoom(minZoom);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmWaterPolygon element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (nullIfEmpty(element.name()) != null) {
+      try {
+        Geometry centerlineGeometry = lakeCenterlines.get(element.source().id());
+        FeatureCollector.Feature feature;
+        int minzoom = 9;
+        if (centerlineGeometry != null) {
+          // prefer lake centerline if it exists
+          feature = features.geometry(LAYER_NAME, centerlineGeometry)
+            .setMinPixelSizeBelowZoom(13, 6 * element.name().length());
+        } else {
+          // otherwise just use a label point inside the lake
+          feature = features.pointOnSurface(LAYER_NAME);
+          Geometry geometry = element.source().worldGeometry();
+          double area = geometry.getArea();
+          minzoom = (int) Math.floor(20 - Math.log(area / WORLD_AREA_FOR_70K_SQUARE_METERS) / LOG2);
+          minzoom = Math.min(14, Math.max(9, minzoom));
+        }
+        feature
+          .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, FieldValues.CLASS_LAKE)
+          .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+          .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+          .setAttr(Fields.INTERMITTENT, element.isIntermittent() ? 1 : 0)
+          .setMinZoom(minzoom);
+      } catch (GeometryException e) {
+        e.log(stats, "omt_water_polygon", "Unable to get geometry for water polygon " + element.source().id());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/basemap/layers/Waterway.java

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2016, KlokanTech.com & OpenMapTiles contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Code license: BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Design license: CC-BY 4.0
+
+See https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/blob/master/LICENSE.md for details on usage
+*/
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.layers;
+
+import static com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils.nullIfEmpty;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureCollector;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.FeatureMerge;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.VectorTile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.BasemapProfile;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.OpenMapTilesSchema;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.generated.Tables;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.LanguageUtils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.basemap.util.Utils;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.config.PlanetilerConfig;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.reader.SourceFeature;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Stats;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Translations;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.ZoomFunction;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Defines the logic for generating river map elements in the {@code waterway} layer from source features.
+ * <p>
+ * This class is ported to Java from <a href="https://github.com/openmaptiles/openmaptiles/tree/master/layers/waterway">OpenMapTiles
+ * waterway sql files</a>.
+ */
+public class Waterway implements
+  OpenMapTilesSchema.Waterway,
+  Tables.OsmWaterwayLinestring.Handler,
+  BasemapProfile.FeaturePostProcessor,
+  BasemapProfile.NaturalEarthProcessor {
+
+  /*
+   * Uses Natural Earth at lower zoom-levels and OpenStreetMap at higher zoom levels.
+   *
+   * For OpenStreetMap, attempts to merge disconnected linestrings with the same name
+   * at lower zoom levels so that clients can more easily render the name. We also
+   * limit their length at merge-time which only has visibilty into that feature in a
+   * single tile, so at render-time we need to allow through features far enough outside
+   * the tile boundary enough to not accidentally filter out a long river only because a
+   * short segment of it goes through this tile.
+   */
+
+  private final Translations translations;
+  private final PlanetilerConfig config;
+
+  public Waterway(Translations translations, PlanetilerConfig config, Stats stats) {
+    this.config = config;
+    this.translations = translations;
+  }
+
+  private static final Map<String, Integer> CLASS_MINZOOM = Map.of(
+    "river", 12,
+    "canal", 12,
+
+    "stream", 13,
+    "drain", 13,
+    "ditch", 13
+  );
+
+  private static final ZoomFunction.MeterToPixelThresholds MIN_PIXEL_LENGTHS = ZoomFunction.meterThresholds()
+    .put(9, 8_000)
+    .put(10, 4_000)
+    .put(11, 1_000);
+
+  @Override
+  public void processNaturalEarth(String table, SourceFeature feature, FeatureCollector features) {
+    if (feature.hasTag("featurecla", "River")) {
+      record ZoomRange(int min, int max) {}
+      ZoomRange zoom = switch (table) {
+        case "ne_110m_rivers_lake_centerlines" -> new ZoomRange(3, 3);
+        case "ne_50m_rivers_lake_centerlines" -> new ZoomRange(4, 5);
+        case "ne_10m_rivers_lake_centerlines" -> new ZoomRange(6, 8);
+        default -> null;
+      };
+      if (zoom != null) {
+        features.line(LAYER_NAME)
+          .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+          .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, FieldValues.CLASS_RIVER)
+          .setZoomRange(zoom.min, zoom.max);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Tables.OsmWaterwayLinestring element, FeatureCollector features) {
+    String waterway = element.waterway();
+    String name = nullIfEmpty(element.name());
+    boolean important = "river".equals(waterway) && name != null;
+    int minzoom = important ? 9 : CLASS_MINZOOM.getOrDefault(element.waterway(), 14);
+    features.line(LAYER_NAME)
+      .setBufferPixels(BUFFER_SIZE)
+      .setAttr(Fields.CLASS, element.waterway())
+      .putAttrs(LanguageUtils.getNames(element.source().tags(), translations))
+      .setMinZoom(minzoom)
+      // details only at higher zoom levels so that named rivers can be merged more aggressively
+      .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.BRUNNEL, Utils.brunnel(element.isBridge(), element.isTunnel()), 12)
+      .setAttrWithMinzoom(Fields.INTERMITTENT, element.isIntermittent() ? 1 : 0, 12)
+      // at lower zoom levels, we'll merge linestrings and limit length/clip afterwards
+      .setBufferPixelOverrides(MIN_PIXEL_LENGTHS).setMinPixelSizeBelowZoom(11, 0);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<VectorTile.Feature> postProcess(int zoom, List<VectorTile.Feature> items) {
+    if (zoom >= 9 && zoom <= 11) {
+      return FeatureMerge.mergeLineStrings(
+        items,
+        MIN_PIXEL_LENGTHS.apply(zoom).doubleValue(),
+        config.tolerance(zoom),
+        BUFFER_SIZE
+      );
+    }
+    return items;
+  }
+}